Educating for Sustainability Guide
Selections for Teacher Educators
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About this Guide
Since our founding in 1998, The Nature Institute has been practicing, teaching, and refining context-rich methods for understanding the world and for striving to ethically relate to it. Based on the fruits of that work, we offer this resource guide for sustainability education.
Much in this section is oriented toward helping educators develop the capacities they need to perceive and understand nature in more holistic, intimate ways.
The guide does not contain specific activities for younger children. But we do hope our resources will inspire educators to develop their own original, experiential activities based on their intimate knowledge of the children they are working with.
Each resource is briefly summarized and the appropriate educational levels indicated. We have organized the resources in areas of focus. To go directly to a specific area, you may click on its title below.
Early childhood (Pre-kindergarten – Grade 2)
Lower school (Grades 3 – 5)
Middle school (Grades 6 – 8)
We have organized the resources under several broad topics listed below. You can go directly to any given topic by clicking on it.
1. Foundations of Holistic Sustainability Education
“Encounter-Based Science: From Learning About to Learning Through” by Craig Holdrege (2020)
Craig’s article for Renewal magazine highlights science education as a process of discernment and discovery. Rather than offer students pre-packaged concepts about science and phenomena, Craig demonstrates how educators can create lesson plans that allow students the opportunity to be engaged through exploration, where they make decisions and encounter questions. Such a process encourages a deeper and broader understanding of the world. The author draws on his own high-school teaching classroom experience to highlight the difference between learning about and learning through a topic.
TEACHER RESOURCE: High school educators and postsecondary teacher
educators.
“Children and Nature” by George K. Russell, Ph.D. (2017)
In this essay, George Russell, professor emeritus of biology at Adelphi University and founding co-editor of Orion magazine, asks how we can restore to children an essential, healthy relation to the natural world. Many children’s primary exposure to nature, he notes, is now mediated by that most severe tool of abstraction — the electronic screen. To help address that urgent challenge, he recommends many specific books and authors for educators, as well as some for children, and most importantly, he describes the kinds of experiences in nature that children need to form a lasting bond with the rest of the natural world.
As Russell writes, “We will honor and protect what we have come to love and admire, and such feelings have their source in personal experience.” He adds: “Too much emphasis on concepts and the mechanical principles of nature, especially in the early years, does little to establish the sort of deep communion with nature” that will lead to a lasting bond. “Young people, above all, need to sink their hands into things that are real and actual.”
CLASS READING: Undergraduate and graduate courses in Education and Developmental Psychology.
TEACHER RESOURCE: Early childhood through high school educators and postsecondary teacher educators. Also of great value for parents.
Thinking Like a Plant: A Living Science for Life by Craig Holdrege (2013)
How can we develop an awareness of the transformational nature of life that can increasingly inform our own thought and action, so that we become more conscious and responsible participants in an evolving earth? This book directly addresses that question. It is written as a practical guide that shows, through concrete and vivid examples, how we can learn from the context dependency of nature to think and act in more dynamic and context-sensitive ways. Here is an excerpt from this book.
CLASS READING: High school courses in Environmental Science and Life Sciences; undergraduate and graduate courses in Education, Environmental Science, History and Philosophy of Science, and Life Sciences.
TEACHER RESOURCE: A basic professional development tool for all educators, from early childhood through postsecondary education, who are seeking to grow in the inner capacities they hope to cultivate in their students. In particular, the book guides educators in developing capacities to attend ever more carefully to our participation in the concrete reality of the world we are embedded in; to perceive it as dynamic, interwoven processes rather than a set of separate objects; and to become more receptive, fluid, and dynamic in our own thinking.
“Education and the Presence of the Unknown” by Craig Holdrege (2012)
Every student has an unknown future, full of potential. How can a teacher prepare individual students for what is unknown? How can the unknown play a positive role in the life of both teacher and student as they work together toward mutual unfolding of potential? In this article, Craig provides teachers with guidance in crafting learning encounters for students – that is, opportunities to experience education as attentive exploration of the world and to participate in how living science unfolds.
CLASS READING: Undergraduate and graduate courses in Education.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators (from early childhood to postsecondary teacher educators).
“The Art of Thinking: Helping Students Develop Their Faculties of Thinking and Observation” by Craig Holdrege (2001 — 2002)
A fundamental guide for holistic science education that clearly explains the pedagogy and presents many examples of applying the methods. Craig demonstrates how to help students: (1) develop the critical faculty of asking questions through the use of scientific riddles; (2) develop logical thinking anchored in observation; (3) grow in their capacities for complex thinking that discerns the difference between a necessary condition and an overly simplistic single-cause explanation; and (4) bring their analytic powers together with their imagination to discover for themselves ecological relations within and between organisms. He explains how these skills are related to ecological thinking about the world. He also provides specific guidance in relating the high-school science curriculum, from 9th to 12th grade, to the changing developmental needs of students. Craig concludes: “Nothing is more important than to help the students school their abilities to see relations and connections, to see how things fit together in the world. This is precisely the capacity humanity needs to find creative solutions to the myriad problems we create that lead to a dissolution, rather than a regeneration of the world.”
CLASS READING: Undergraduate and graduate courses in Education.
TEACHER RESOURCE: High school, postsecondary, and postsecondary teacher educators.
“Teaching to Understand: On the Concept of the Exemplary in Teaching” by Martin Wagenschein (2009)
The late German physicist Martin Wagenschein, a champion for reconnecting science education with nature and with children’s developmental needs, explores here how both teaching and learning can become living experiences for the participants. Wagenschein, a longtime high school teacher and education professor, shows that covering large amounts of material is not the way to help students learn. Real learning occurs through careful consideration of exemplary cases in which the whole of the subject matter can be experienced through a concrete instance. (For other teacher resources rich in pedagogical and practical suggestions for K-12 science classes, see “Experience-Based Science Education: The Work of Martin Wagenschein.”)
CLASS READING: Undergraduate and graduate courses in Education.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators.
“Ecological Conversation: Wildness, Anthropocentrism, and Deep Ecology” by Stephen L. Talbott (2002)
In this philosophical essay on ecological responsibility, Steve suggests that we have other choices besides trying to control nature or leaving the “wildness” of nature untouched by human hands. We can begin to enter into “an attentive, reverential conversation” with the partial mystery of Otherness we encounter in the rest of the living world. “The very first — and perhaps the most important — conversational step we can take may be to acknowledge how we have so far failed to assume a respectful conversational stance.” (An adapted version of this article is Chapter 3 in Nature Institute Perspectives #3: In the Belly of the Beast: Nature, Technology, and the Human Prospect (2004). That entire 74-page monograph is freely available to download or can be purchased in print from our bookstore.)
CLASS READING: grade 12 courses in Ecology and Environmental Science; undergraduate and graduate courses in Ecology, Environmental Science, and History and Philosophy of Science.
TEACHER RESOURCE: Middle school, high school, postsecondary, and postsecondary teacher educators.
“Science and the Child” by Stephen L. Talbott (2004)
In response to the emerging technical potential to genetically engineer children, this article calls for “reopening science to the categories of meaning, value, and purpose.” At first glance, the sophisticated, supposedly value-neutral, world of science appears at the opposite extreme from the naive, value-centered, imaginative world of the child. “How can you recognize a better child if you must shun the language of value? More specifically, how can we, as scientists or parents, propose to manipulate an individual child’s destiny if we cannot seriously ask about that destiny — about identity and purpose and tasks?”
CLASS READING: Undergraduate and graduate courses in History and Philosophy of Science, Molecular Biology, and Science, Technology and Society.
TEACHER RESOURCE: High school, postsecondary, and postsecondary teacher educators.
“Children of the Machine” by Stephen L. Talbott (1995)
A provocative essay that challenges the wisdom of efforts to teach computer programming to young children. In such efforts, Steve argues, the child loses — never having fully developed it in the first place — that fluid, imaginative ability to let experience reshape itself in meaningful ways before she carves out of it a set of atomic facts. The award-winning 1995 book by Steve, The Future Does Not Compute: Transcending the Machines in Our Midst, from which this chapter is excerpted was prescient in predicting — contrary to widespread political and commercial hype at the time — that heavily investing in computers for K-12 classrooms would not lead to a renaissance in American education. Its concerns and critiques remain pertinent to current wishful thinking about the role of advanced electronic media in the education of children. (The entire book is freely available online and can also be ordered in print from our bookstore.)
CLASS READING: Undergraduate and graduate courses in K-12 Education, History and Philosophy of Science, and Science, Technology and Society.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators.
“Impressing the Science Out of Children” by Stephen L. Talbott (1995)
This provocative essay, excerpted from Chapter 13 of the book, The Future Does Not Compute: Transcending the Machines in Our Midst by Stephen L. Talbott, challenges the wisdom of efforts to increase children’s interest in science and math by designing immersive experiences of electronic media in the classroom. Steve notes that the ubiquity of nature videos has not translated into a rush among young people to become naturalists, and goes on to describe why. (The entire book is freely available online and can also be ordered in print from our bookstore.)
CLASS READING: Undergraduate and graduate courses in pre-K to grade 12 Education, History and Philosophy of Science, and Science, Technology and Society.
TEACHER RESOURCES: All educators.
“Transformation in Adult Learning” by Craig Holdrege (2007)
A guide to methods for self-learning that can deeply change who educators themselves are, and prepare them to lead students in developing their own capacities for open-minded, flexible, and critically astute thinking. Includes specific group observational exercises that can be practiced with both colleagues and student to encourage the consideration of different points of view and to avoid letting assumptions and mental habits block new learning. The goal: transformational learning, rooted in perceiving, listening, picturing, and, over time, growing in self-awareness as well.
CLASS READING: Undergraduate and graduate courses in Education.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators.
2. Perceiving Nature — Taking Appearances Seriously
“Expressing the Being of Animals” by Craig Holdrege (2017)
In this recorded talk accompanied by slides, Craig explores the holistic vision of the German Expressionist painter, Franz Marc. Through the story of the artist’s life, his words, and images of his breathtaking work, Craig shows the loving attention with which Marc (1880-1916) was able to enter into, and profoundly convey, the life of animals. “I have no desire to paint animals as I see them,” Marc wrote, “but rather as they are, how they themselves see the world and feel their being.” The slides presented here begin with Marc’s early drawings and paintings (including fascinating samples of his work as a young teacher of anatomical drawing) and trace his further evolution as an artist, ending with his powerfully vibrant expressionist works.
CLASS READING: High school and undergraduate courses in the Visual Arts, Zoology, and Ecology.
TEACHER RESOURCE: Pre-K through undergraduate educators in the Arts, Humanities, Zoology, and Ecology.
“Reality-Based Education in a Hyperreal Culture” by Craig Holdrege (2015)
In a culture filled with screens and technology-mediated experiences, how can we help children interact directly with essential realities so their ideas can be rooted in the world and not in the fantasies of the virtual world? Based on Craig’s presentation at the 2014 Techno Utopia Teach-In in New York City, this article links to a video that is best watched without sound.
CLASS READING and VIDEO RESOURCE: Undergraduate courses in Ecology,
Education, Environmental Studies, Life Sciences, and History and Philosophy of Science.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators.
“Save the Phenomena: The Primacy of Unmediated Experience” by Martin Wagenschein (2008)
From the gracefully ponderous motion of a massive pendulum to the mysteries hidden in still water, sound, and radioactivity, the late German physicist Martin Wagenschein offers here a master teacher’s insights into experience-based learning that engages the student in a lively way. Wagenschein was a longtime high-school science teacher and university professor. (For other resources that are rich in pedagogical insights, practical advice, and experiential activities for K-12 science classes, see “Experience-Based Science Education: The Work of Martin Wagenschein.”)
CLASS READING: Undergraduate and graduate courses in Education.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators.
“Can We See With Fresh Eyes? Beyond a Culture of Abstraction” by Craig Holdrege (2006)
This essay asks, “Can we gain our scientific concepts through openness to the world instead of imposing them on the world?” It’s the difference between a living thinking that respects the phenomena, and a habitual thinking that cuts us off from the phenomena. By attending to the way plants grow, we begin to appreciate the nature of living thinking. Seeds of our own transformation are created every time we catch ourselves considering a problem or phenomenon through some pre-formed conceptual lens and then drop that lens and turn back, in openness, to the things themselves. In this act, we acknowledge our ignorance and readiness to engage in the concrete situation. With heightened awareness, we can begin forming concepts out of interaction with the world rather than imposing concepts upon the world. “The shift from abstraction and object-thinking to a plantlike dynamic thinking would help us develop the capacities we need to truly root our understanding and our interactions with nature in nature.” (The essay includes practical suggestions to help develop such living thinking.)
CLASS READING: High school (grades 11-12) courses in Ecology and Life Sciences; undergraduate and graduate courses in Ecology, Environmental Science, History and Philosophy of Science, and Life Sciences.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators (especially science teachers).
“Why Is the Moon Getting Farther Away?” by Stephen L. Talbott (2007)
In this essay about educational priorities in a device-saturated culture, Talbott argues that educators and parents don’t need to focus time and money on making sure that students embrace technology. Technophobia, after all, is not a dominant trait of our society. What we need is balance and connection. The adaptation, even addiction, to advanced technologies occurs all too well on its own. “Children must learn, rather, how to hold these technologies in a human balance. And I suggest that a bird in the hand — and a pine cone, and a rock, and a crawdad, and a snowflake — are the counterbalances we need if our alienation from nature is not to become more than the world can bear. These bits of nature may not seem like much to us – but that is the problem. For the child they can hold magic – exactly the magic that, in a matured form, may be required to ground the adult in a society otherwise encompassed on every side by virtuality.”
CLASS READING: Undergraduate and graduate courses in Education.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators.
3. Visual Appearance and Phenomena-Based Physics
“Save the Phenomena: The Primacy of Unmediated Experience” by Martin Wagenschein (2008)
From the gracefully ponderous motion of a massive pendulum to the mysteries hidden in still water, sound, and radioactivity, the late German physicist Martin Wagenschein offers here a master teacher’s insights into experience-based learning that engages the student in a lively way. Wagenschein was a longtime high school science teacher and university professor. (For other resources that are rich in pedagogical insights, practical advice, and experiential activities for K-12 science classes, see “Experience-Based Science Education: The Work of Martin Wagenschein.”)
CLASS READING: Undergraduate and graduate courses in Education and Physics.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators.
“Exploring the Exploratorium in San Francisco” by Henrike Holdrege (2014)
Henrike reflects on observations she and colleagues made of the demonstrations — and the children interacting with them — at the Exploratorium in San Francisco, a highly-acclaimed “Museum for Science, Art, and Perception.” What would developmentally appropriate activities really look like if they were to effectively nourish children’s capacities of observation, learning, and inquiry?
TEACHER RESOURCE: Pre-K to grade 12 and teacher educators.
“Light in the Dark” by Henrike Holdrege (2013)
This description of a simple demonstration for the classroom sparks wonder. It can also be the entryway into deeper reflections upon the nature of light and the conditions under which visual appearances arise. We learn how darkness and matter play a key role in all appearances.
CLASS ACTIVITY: Middle school and high school courses in Physics and Optics.
TEACHER RESOURCE: Middle school, high school, and teacher educators.
“The Earth as Seen from the Moon” by Henrike Holdrege (2007)
A challenge is presented here: With a few moments’ thought, can you give a reasonable description of how the earth and sky look to someone standing on the moon? It might not be quite as easy as you think. The exercise, however, is a good one for developing an ability to see relationships — in this case, between the earth and the moon — from different points of view. Educators can try this exercise in contextual thinking for themselves and also adapt it for astronomical lessons and observations with students.
CLASS ACTIVITY: Middle school and high school courses in Astronomy.
TEACHER RESOURCE: Middle school, high school, and teacher educators.
4. Whole Organism Biology Studies
The Nature Institute’s revolutionary approach to science is exemplified in holistic, qualitative studies of particular whole organisms. These studies demonstrate how each organism is characterized by wholeness and unity, and at the same time is intimately entwined with the larger ecology of life. For sustainability educators and their students, these studies provide a complement and contrast to conventional laboratory and textbook studies that focus on organisms as mechanisms. Below are selected resources for transforming conventional approaches to academic life sciences into a new, profoundly ecological perspective. Such a perspective is far more in tune with the irreducible reality of our living ecosphere, within which humanity is immersed and our activities must harmonize.
“What Does It Mean to be a Sloth”? by Craig Holdrege (2009)
The sloth is a singular animal that expresses slowness in so many of its characteristics and even slows down processes in the rain forest in which it lives. Educators and students will enjoy getting to know this remarkable creature. As Craig explains: “I have tried to describe the sloth in a way that allows us to catch glimpses of its wholeness. I can now refer to such characteristics as slowness, inertia, blending in with the environment, receding or pulling in and not actively projecting outward. Each expression is a different way of pointing to the same coherent whole. Taken alone, as abstract concepts or definitions, they are empty. They are real only inasmuch as they light up within the description or perception of the animal’s characteristics. But they are not things like a bone or an eye. They are, in context, vibrant concepts that reveal the animal’s unique way of being.”
CLASS READING: High school courses in Ecology, Evolution, and Life Sciences; undergraduate courses in Ecology, Evolution, and Zoology.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators.
“How Does a Mole View the World”? by Craig Holdrege (2003)
The potent methods of whole organism biology are discussed and then demonstrated here, allowing a glimpse into the radically different world of a fascinating creature — the star-nosed mole. Each species lives out a unique way-of-being. To explore an animal’s behavior, we include how it actively and selectively relates to the world around it. This we can call the animal’s intentionality — how it shapes its existence by its ways of interacting. By carefully observing an animal’s behavior and the concrete context of its different behaviors, we gain understanding of its specific intentionality. But we can’t fully penetrate this behavior without attending to how it moves and the way this movement is shaped through the form and function of its various organs. The point is to build up vivid pictures of the animal from as many sides as possible. By continually immersing ourselves in concrete observation and then connecting our observations to vivid inner images, we enter into a conversation with the animal. Through such methods, the animal begins to show itself wholly.
CLASS READING: High school (grades 11-12) courses in Ecology, Evolution, Life Sciences, and Zoology; undergraduate courses in Ecology, Evolution, Zoology.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators.
“Metamorphosis and Metamorphic Thinking” by Craig Holdrege (2002)
A short essay explaining what a powerful central theme metamorphosis can be for high school studies of human development, ecology, and all other life sciences. It is especially developmentally helpful for high school students, who are in the midst of their own personal metamorphosis. As a fundamental theme, it can prepare every individual, upon graduation, for a lifetime of creative, flexible thinking, especially in terms of perceiving and understanding the ecological context of all human actions. Just as important, it can also empower them to perceive the creative, dynamic possibilities of their own developmental path and their personal potential to constructively contribute to a healthy future for all.
When we speak about metamorphosis, we’re not only concerned with specific content, such as the metamorphosis of a tadpole into a frog. We’re concerned more fundamentally with a whole approach to understanding life. If we bring living phenomena to the students in very concrete ways, we can lead them into seeing the unity of an organism as it develops in time, as a fully integrated being. Living beings are not merely an assembly of different parts that happen to work. We can help them practice going beyond that building-block, spatial mode of cognition that dominates our thinking and colors all of our understanding. Students will grow in the capacity to understand the dynamic and interconnected nature of life that humanity direly needs in times that are so dominated by fragmentation. That’s why working towards metamorphic thinking in high school biology classes is so essential. (This essay is Chapter One from Colloquium on Life Science and Environmental Studies: AWSNA High School Research Project #5. Fair Oaks, CA: AWSNA, 2002. Other chapters in the Colloquium book are filled with pedagogical insights and practical curricular suggestions and activities for high school educators in the life sciences and environmental studies.)
CLASS READING: Undergraduate and graduate courses in Education.
TEACHER RESOURCE: Middle school, high school, and postsecondary teacher educators.
5. The Living Nature of Life — From Mechanism to Organism
Many of the articles in this section are abridged versions of longer articles that can be found at Biology Worthy of Life. You may want to browse that collection of in-depth online chapters. They clarify how common, mechanistic ideas about biological phenomena are misleading and often false. They also reveal how science actually supports a much more dynamic and complex picture of ecological relationships both within and between living organisms. We attempt to advance a nuanced and dynamic picture of life that is crucial for sustainability education.
“Reviving the Organism” by Stephen L. Talbott (2016)
The fact that every organism is, in the first place, an activity has radical implications for biology. It was Aristotle who first characterized animals as “self-moving,” and not many in biology today would disagree. Yet this truth is rarely taken with real seriousness. This article lays out some of the most important issues, ranging from the old struggle between reductionism and vitalism to contemporary perplexities of cognitive science having to do with mind and body, perception and consciousness, thought and object of thought.
CLASS READING: High school (grade 12) courses in Life Sciences; undergraduate courses in History and Philosophy of Science and Life Sciences.
TEACHER RESOURCE: Middle school, high school, postsecondary, and postsecondary teacher educators (especially relevant in preparing students to teach science).
“Let’s Lighten Up Biological Thinking!” by Stephen L. Talbott (2014)
Thinking in biology hasn’t caught up with the results of contemporary research. In particular, an apparent taboo against any explicit acknowledgment of intention and agency in all features and activities of the organism is a serious block to further progress in understanding.
CLASS READING: High school (grade 12) courses in Life Sciences; undergraduate and graduate courses in History and Philosophy of Science and Life Sciences.
TEACHER RESOURCE: Middle school, high school, postsecondary, and postsecondary teacher educators (especially relevant in preparing students to teach science).
“Biology’s Shameful Refusal to Disown the Machine-Organism” by Stephen L. Talbott (2014)
This article critically examines the strong emphasis upon machine-like design in conventional biology and draws from the most recent research findings to argue that this framework is now scientifically obsolete.
CLASS READING: High school (grade 12) courses in Life Sciences; undergraduate and graduate courses in History and Philosophy of Science and Life Sciences.
TEACHER RESOURCE: Middle school, high school, postsecondary, and postsecondary teacher educators (especially relevant in preparing students to teach science).
“Shattering the Genome” by Stephen L. Talbott (2013)
A microorganism known as Deinococcus radiodurans can endure massive doses of radiation that fragment its genome into hundreds of pieces. Its proteins simply reassemble a whole genome from the fragments. It raises a question that turns out to be universally applicable: Where is wisdom stored in the organism? No place in particular — and certainly not only in the genome. Instead, we are led to think of the organism in its totality as an active agent in the world.
CLASS READING: High school (grade 12) courses in Life Sciences; undergraduate and graduate courses in History and Philosophy of Science and Life Sciences.
TEACHER RESOURCE: Middle school, high school, postsecondary, and postsecondary teacher educators (especially relevant in preparing students to teach science).
“Plasticity, Stability, and Whole-Organism Inheritance” by Stephen L. Talbott (2013)
The development of complex organisms tells a dramatic story about the plasticity of DNA in the “hands” of the whole cell and whole organism. The story of development is first of all a story — a narrative with intention and direction — not merely a series of physical causes and effects. The text we present here is excerpted from Steve’s article, Genes and the Central Fallacy of Evolutionary Theory.
CLASS READING: High school (grade 12) courses in Life Sciences; undergraduate and graduate courses in History and Philosophy of Science and Life Sciences.
TEACHER RESOURCE: Middle school, high school, postsecondary, and postsecondary teacher educators (especially relevant in preparing students to teach science).
“Promising Themes in Molecular Biology” by Stephen L. Talbott (2011)
For those seeking a more holistic understanding of biology than conventional academic approaches provide, this article highlights a few signs of potential health and transformation, particularly in the literature of molecular biology. The purpose here is to convey a hint of how researchers are increasingly finding themselves grappling with the incredible fluidity and plasticity of organisms under the influence of a governing context, and to point to implications that many biologists haven’t yet fully appreciated due to the inertia of old habits of thought.
CLASS READING: High school (grade 12) courses in Life Sciences; undergraduate and graduate courses in History and Philosophy of Science and Life Sciences.
TEACHER RESOURCE: Middle school, high school, postsecondary, and postsecondary teacher educators (especially relevant in preparing students to teach science).
6. Agriculture and Sustainability
No entries in this section for teacher educators.
7. Impacts of Mechanistic Thinking and Technology
“How to Manufacture the Notion of Synthetic Life” by Stephen L. Talbott (2010)
A head-on critique of the emerging field of synthetic bioengineering, euphemistically named “synthetic biology” by its practitioners. An oak tree does not at all have the same way of being as a weeping willow, nor is an amoeba’s movement (whether at the level of the whole organism or of molecular process) choreographed in the style of a paramecium’s. If and when synthetic biologists start discussing how they might reproduce such a unique gesturing — a gesturing they must carefully, deliberately, and knowledgeably compound out of the innumerable molecular activities proceeding simultaneously and interdependently in the cell — all in order to produce from scratch a particular sort of organism with a particular sort of recognizable character, then one could believe they have begun to glimpse the problem of attempting to synthesize life. Otherwise, such efforts are little more than “crude and mostly ignorant, trial-and-error manipulation of already living things . . . a technologically sophisticated discipline of tinkering.”
CLASS READING: High school (grades 11-12) courses in Ecology, Life Sciences, Philosophy, and Social Studies; undergraduate and graduate courses in Ecology, Environmental Sciences, Evolutionary Biology, History and Philosophy of Science, Life Sciences, Molecular Biology, Philosophy, and Science, Technology, and Society.
TEACHER AND RESEARCHER RESOURCE: Middle school, high school, postsecondary, and postsecondary teacher educators.
In the Belly of the Beast: Technology, Nature, and the Human Prospect by Stephen L. Talbott (2004)
From Odysseus to the Amazon jungle, from feeding chickadees by hand to the high abstractions of science, this booklet looks at the role of technology in human life and in the management (or mismanagement) of nature, and also assesses our future prospects. Readers may find the insights it offers outrageous or revelatory, but they will never find them conventional. See especially Chapter One: “Deceiving Virtues of Technology.” The printed booklet can be purchased from our bookstore, or downloaded for free.
CLASS READING: Undergraduate and graduate courses in Education, Engineering, History and Philosophy of Science, Information Technology, and Philosophy.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators.
The Future Does Not Compute: Transcending the Machines in Our Midst by Stephen L. Talbott (1995)
This prescient, award-winning book correctly predicted — contrary to widespread political and commercial hype at the time — that heavily investing in computer technology for K-12 classrooms would not lead to a renaissance in American education. The book’s concerns and critiques, in terms of the seductions of technology and the too often ignored developmental needs of children, remain pertinent to current wishful thinking about the role of advanced electronic media in the education of children and about advanced technologies in general being the “solution” to all that ails society. (This 481-page book is available for purchase from our bookstore or can be downloaded for free, chapter by chapter, here.)
CLASS READING: Undergraduate and graduate courses in Education and History and Philosophy of Science.
TEACHER: All educators.
Other Resources: For many other Nature Institute resources related to genetics and genetic engineering, see the Heredity, Epigenetics and Genetic Engineering page.
8. Foundations of Holistic, Contextual Science
“Doing Goethean Science” by Craig Holdrege (2005)
Practicing the Goethean approach to science involves heightened methodological awareness and sensitivity to the way we engage in the phenomenal world. We need to overcome our habit of viewing the world in terms of objects and leave behind the scientific propensity to explain via reification and reductive models. Science is a conversation with nature and this perspective can inform a new scientific frame of mind. This article presents the Goethean approach via a practical example (a study of a plant, skunk cabbage) and discusses some of the essential features of Goethean methodology and insight: the riddle; into the phenomenon; exact picture building; and seeing the whole.
CLASS READING: High school (grade 12) courses in Science; undergraduate courses in Ecology, Environmental Science, History and Philosophy of Science, and Life Sciences.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators (especially middle school, high school, and postsecondary educators).
“The Experiment as Mediator of Object and Subject” by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1792)
Goethe’s seminal essay on the nature of knowing and scientific methodology and experimentation. Because he had learned that “in living nature nothing happens that is not in connection with a whole,” he recognized that a scientist must always view individual facts or results of individual experiments within larger contexts. For example, individual experiments do not provide “proofs;” rather, one needs to carry out a series of experiments, varying the conditions to gain real insight into phenomena.
CLASS READING: High school (grades 11-12) courses in Science; undergraduate courses in Ecology, Environmental Science, History & Philosophy of Science, and Life Sciences.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators (especially middle school, high school, and postsecondary educators).
“Learning to See Life — Developing the Goethean Approach to Science” by Craig Holdrege (2005)
For educators, an introductory guide to teaching methods in holistic science: “I have often thought that if a teacher wanted to have one succinct motto to hang above his or her bed, she’d have a hard time finding a better one than: “characterize, don’t define.” In order to characterize, say, an animal, we have to carry within ourselves a vivid picture of its shape, how it moves, the sounds it makes, its habitat and the ways it relates to its environment. We bring alive through our imagination and speech something of the animal’s nature . . . When we paint a picture of the animal in this way — a process in which the students are involved — the animal can begin to live in the soul of the child or adolescent.”
CLASS READING: Undergraduate and graduate courses in Education.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators.
9. Goethe
“The Experiment as Mediator of Object and Subject” by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1792)
Goethe’s seminal essay on the nature of knowing and scientific methodology and experimentation. Because he had learned that “in living nature nothing happens that is not in connection with a whole,” he recognized that a scientist must always view individual facts or results of individual experiments within larger contexts. For example, individual experiments do not provide “proofs;” rather, one needs to carry out a series of experiments, varying the conditions to gain real insight into phenomena.
CLASS READING: High school (grades 11-12) courses in Science; undergraduate courses in Ecology, Environmental Science, History and Philosophy of Science, and Life Sciences.
TEACHER RESOURCE: All educators (especially middle school, high school, and postsecondary educators).