Type of Unintended Effect: Physiological (Animals)

atlantic_salmon_001: Atlantic salmon expressing transgenic growth hormone experienced numerous changes to their cardiorespiratory system.

coho_salmon_001: Transgenic expression of growth hormone in coho salmon led to a narrower body, more red muscle mass, and smaller white muscle fibers.

coho_salmon_002: Transgenic coho salmon expressing growth hormone had enlarged heads, reduced viability, and accelerated development of their life cycle.

goat_001: Transgenic goats engineered to secrete the human protein cholinesterase into their milk produced less milk, with lower fat and lactose levels and unusually high white blood cell counts.

pig_001: Transgenic pigs expressing bovine growth hormone had lower appetites, enlarged organs, gastric ulcers, and other health problems.

pig_002: Sheep growth hormone expression was highly variable in transgenic pigs, whose bodies had more protein and water and less fat.

pig_003: Transgenic pigs with elevated levels of growth hormone were infertile, pre-diabetic, and experienced joint problems.

pig_004: Transgenic expression of a mouse milk protein impaired mammary development and function in pigs.

sheep_001: Transgenic expression of sheep growth hormone in sheep increased the incidence of reproductive problems and premature death.

sheep_002: Transgenic sheep had unusually high morbidity and expressed a milk-specific protein in their spleen, liver, and other organs.

tilapia_001: Tilapia fish engineered for transgenic expression of growth hormone had deformed heads and backs, atrophied gonads, and lower mineral content.

Type of Unintended Effect: Physiological (Plants)

alfalfa_001: Alfalfa with corn transgenes for anthocyanin (red-purple pigment) production was not visibly altered or changed dependent on different light and temperature conditions.

alfalfa_002: Plant height and flowering were altered in alfalfa genetically engineered to reduce lignin content.

apple_001: Apples over-expressing a fruit-ripening enzyme lacked flowers and had malformed stomata and altered composition of cell walls.

arabidopsis_001: Plants producing a biodegradable polyester were smaller, never produced seeds and showed severe changes in metabolism.

arabidopsis_002: Suppression of DHS enzyme in Arabidopsis (a mustard plant) was associated with enlarged leaves, greater root mass, and enhanced seed yield.

arabidopsis_003: Overexpression of phytoene synthase gene in Arabidopsis resulted in delayed germination, increased levels of chlorophyll, and changes in relative levels of carotenoids.

arabidopsis_005: Unintended changes in gene expression were observed in Arabidopsis plants engineered for resistance to the herbicide glufosinate.

barley_001: Barley expressing a heat-stable enzyme showed highly variable expression of the enzyme, an anomalous distribution of expression in the grain, and dramatically reduced weight of individual grains.

barley_002: Transgenic barley plants over-expressing a zinc transport protein had smaller seeds and did not accumulate more zinc when grown in zinc-deficient soil.

barley_003: Difficulties were encountered when trying to express human collagen in barley.

barley_004: A group of transgenic barley plants expressing the bar selectable marker gene did not produce viable offspring.

birch_001: Transgenic birch trees expressing an antifungal enzyme from sugarbeets showed increased susceptibility to leaf spot disease in the field.

canola_001: Canola plants over-expressing a bacterial phytoene synthase gene also had a reduced level of chlorophyll, changed structure of plastids, changed composition of fatty acids, and delayed germination.

cotton_001: Bt cotton showed decreased ability to kill cotton bollworm larvae during flower development and flowering.

cotton_002: Bt cotton had altered protein metabolism and produced less insecticidal toxin in leaves when subjected to high temperatures during boll formation.

cotton_004: Glyphosate-resistant cotton showed abnormal reproductive development when sprayed with glyphosate.

cotton_007: Insect-resistant, transgenic cotton was more susceptible to fungal disease than its parent line.

maize_001: Bt maize has higher lignin content.

maize_005: Bt maize varieties matured more slowly and had on average lower grain yield and higher grain moisture content than conventional varieties.

maize_006: Bt maize had changed lipid composition in stems; also, lipid composition in soil was altered, and soil respiration was reduced.

pea_001: Peas engineered to be weevil-resistant elicited immune reactions in mice.

pineapple_001: Pineapple plants with transgenes for fungus and herbicide resistance had altered biochemical make-up.

potato_001: Potatoes with altered sugar metabolism had changed levels of many metabolites, some not thought to be associated with sugar metabolism.

potato_002: Inulin-storing potatoes had higher alkaloid content and pigs fed on them had reduced daily weight gain.

potato_003: Potatoes genetically modified to store more starch stored less starch.

potato_004: Insect-resistant transgenic potatoes had less foliage and altered levels of leaf-glycoalkaloids.

potato_005: Potatoes with transgene for virus resistance were variably resistant, and some lines without the target gene nevertheless became highly resistant.

rice_002: Bt rice showed signs of dwarfism and other abnormalities.

rice_003: Transgenic expression of a disease-resistance gene activated the oxidative-stress response in rice.

root_nodule_bacteria_001: Root nodule bacteria with Bt transgene tended to displace non-manipulated bacteria in legume root nodules.

soybean_001: Herbicide-resistant soybean plants were shorter, with less chlorophyll, lower weight, and increased susceptibility to stem-splitting at high temperatures.

soybean_003: Glyphosate-resistant soybeans had lower yields.

soybean_004: Root colonization of glyphosate-resistant soybeans by pathogenic Fusarium fungi increased with glyphosate application.

soybean_005: Glyphosate-resistant soybeans have altered root nodules when sprayed with glyphosate.

sugarbeet_002: Glyphosate-resistant sugar beets became more susceptible to root rot when sprayed with glyphosate.

sugarcane_002: Sugarcane engineered to reduce polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity had greater PPO activity, even without the transgene.

tobacco_002: Transgenic tobacco with resistance to bleaching herbicides had altered composition of carotenoids.

tomato_001: Tomato plants overexpressing phytoene synthase gene were stunted in growth.

tomato_002: Flavonol-enriched tomatoes had altered levels of at least fifteen other substances.

tomato_003: Suppression of DHS gene in tomatoes was associated with lack of fruiting, altered leaf morphology, higher rate of photosynthesis and other changes.

tomato_004: Transgenic tomatoes altered with a marker gene construct showed significant changes in morphological and physiological characteristics.

wheat_001: Wheat transformed with a high-molecular-weight glutenin gene showed irregular expression of glutenin and changed its expression levels over subsequent generations.

wheat_002: Wheat with transgene for low-molecular-weight glutenin showed anomalies in glutenin production and some plants had reduced levels of other storage proteins.

wheat_003: Spring wheat with scab-resistance transgene was not scab resistant and showed localized death of leaf tissue.

wheat_004: Wheat expressing transgenic glutenin shows reduction in yield, varying production of glutenin, and altered morphology.