This bibliography contains all the research articles used in our reports on nontarget effects of genetic manipulation. To browse and search those reports, click here. To see a bibliography of overview articles and books on nontarget effects, click here.


Anand, A., T. Zhou, H. N. Trick, B. S. Gill, et al. (2003). "Greenhouse and Field Testing of Transgenic Wheat Plants Stably Expressing Genes for Thaumatin-like Protein, Chitinase and Glucanase against Fusarium graminearum," Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 54, pp. 1101-11. To see our report on this study, click here.

Atkinson R. G., R. Schröder, I. Hallett, D. Cohen et al. 2002. "Overexpression of Polygalacturonase in Transgenic Apple Trees Leads to a Range of Novel Phenotypes Involving Changes in Cell Adhesion," Plant Physiology vol. 129, pp. 122-33. To see our report on this study, click here.

Bernal, J. S. and M. Sétamou (2003). "Fortuitous Antixenosis in Transgenic Sugarcane: Antibiosis-Expressing Cultivar is Refractory to Ovipositing Herbivore Pests," Environmental Entomology vol. 32, pp. 886-94. To see our report on this study, click here.

Birch, A. N. E., I. E. Geoghegan, D. W. Griffiths, and J. W. McNicol (2002). "The Effect Of Genetic Transformations for Pest Resistance on Foliar Solanidine-Based Glycoalkaloids of Potato (Solanum tuberosum)," Annals of Applied Biology vol 140, pp. 143-9. To see our report on this study, click here.

Blechl, A. and O. Anderson (1996). "Expression of a Novel High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunit Gene in Transgenic Wheat," Nature Biotechnology 14: 875-9. To see our report on this study, click here.

Bohmert, K., I. Balbo, J. Kopka, V. Mittendorf et al. (2000). "Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants can Accumulate Polyhydroxybutyrate to Up to 4% of Their Fresh Weight," Planta vol. 211, pp. 841-45. To see our report on this study, click here.

Bregitzer, P., A.E. Blechl, D. Fiedler, J. Lin, et al. (2006). "Changes in High Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunit Composition Can Be Genetically Engineered without Affecting Wheat Agronomic Performance," Crop Science vol. 46, pp. 1553-63. To see our report on this study, click here.

Cadeira, A. L. and S. O. Duke (2006). "The Current Status and Environmental Impacts of Glyphosate-Resistant Crops: A Review," Journal of Environmental Quality vol. 35, pp. 1633-58. To see our report on this study, click here.

Chen, D., G. Ye, C. Yang, Y. Chen et al. (2005). "The Effects of High Temperature on the Insecticidal Properties of Bt Cotton," Environmental and Experimental Botany vol. 53, pp. 333-42. To see our report on this study, click here.

Chen, L. J., D. S. Lee, Z. P. Song, H. S. Suh, et al. (2004). "Gene Flow from Cultivated Rice (Oryza sativa) to its Weedy and Wild Relatives," Annals of Botany vol. 93, pp. 67-73. To see our report on this study, click here.

Collins, C., P. Eason, F. Dunshea, T. Higgins, and R. King (2006). "Starch But Not Protein Digestibility is Altered in Pigs Fed Transgenic Peas Containing Alpha-Amylase Inhibitor," J. Sci. Food Agric. vol. 86, pp. 1894-9. To see our report on this study, click here.

Dinel, H., M. Schnitzer, M. Saharinen, F. Meloche et al. (2003). "Extractable Soil Lipids and Microbial Activity as Affected by Bt and Non Bt Maize Grown on a Silty Clay Loam Soil," Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B vol. B38 pp. 211-19. To see our report on this study, click here.

Flachowsky G., K. Aulrich, H. Böhme, and I. Halle (2007). "Studies on Feeds from Genetically Modified Plants (GMP) - Contributions to Nutritional and Safety Assessment," Animal Feed Science and Technology vol. 133, pp. 2-30. To see our reports on this study, click here, and here.

Forsbach, A., D. Schubert, B. Lechtenberg, M. Gils et al. (2003). "A Comprehensive Characterization of Single-Copy T-DNA Insertions in the Arabidopsis thaliana Genome," Plant Molecular Biology vol. 52, pp. 161-76. To see our report on this study, click here.

Fray, R., A. Wallace, P. Fraser, D. Valero et al (1995). "Constitutive Expression of a Fruit Phytoene Synthase Gene in Transgenic Tomatoes Causes Dwarfism by Redirecting Metabolites from Gibberellin Pathway," The Plant Journal vol. 8, pp. 693-701. To see our report on this study, click here.

Gertz, J.M., W.K. Vencill, and N.S. Hill (1999). "Tolerance of Transgenic Soybean (Glycine max) to Heat Stress." In: The 1999 Brighton Conference: Weeds. Farnham, Surrey, UK: The Council, pp. 835-40. To see our report on this study, click here.

Giddings, G., L. Mytton, M. Griffiths, A. McCarthy et al. (1997). "A Secondary Effect of Transformation in Rhizobium leguminosarum for Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies tenebrionis delta-endotoxin (cryIIIA) Genes. Part 2," Theor Appl Genet vol. 97, pp. 1062-8. To see our report on this study, click here.

Giddings, G., L. Mytton, L. Taylor, S. Thomas et al. (2000). "A Secondary Effect of Transformation in Rhizobium leguminosarum for Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies tenebrionis delta-endotoxin (cryIIIA) Genes. Part 2," Theor Appl Genet vol. 100, pp. 820-3. To see our report on this study, click here.

Horvath, H., L.G. Jensen, O.T. Wong, E. Kohl et al. (2001). "Stability of Transgene Expression, Field Performance and Recombination Breeding of Transformed Barley Lines," Theor Appl Genet vol. 102, pp. 1-11. To see our report on this study, click here.

Kremer, R. J., N. E. Means, and S. Kim (2005). "Glyphosate Affects Soybean Root Exudation and Rhizosphere Micro-Organisms," Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. Vol. 85, pp. 1165-74. To see our report on this study, click here.

Le Gall, G., I. Colquhoun, A. Davis, G. Collins et al. (2003). "Metabolite Profiling of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) using 1H NMR Spectroscopy as a Tool to Detect Potential Unintended Effects Following a Genetic Modification," J. Agric. Food Chem. vol. 51, pp. 2447-56. To see our report on this study, click here.

Li, X., T. Higgins, and W. Bryden (2006). "Biological Response of Broiler Chickens Fed Peas (Pisum sativum L.) Expressing the Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Alpha-Amylase Inhibitor Transgene," J. Sci. Food Agric. vol. 86, pp. 1900-7. To see our report on this study, click here.

Lindgren, L. O., K. G. Stålberg, and A.-S. Höglund (2003). "Seed-Specific Overexpression of an Endogeneous Arabidopsis Phytoene Synthase Gene Results in Delayed Germination and Increased Levels of Carotenoids, Chlorophyll, and Abscisic Acid," Plant Physiology vol. 132, pp. 779-85. To see our report on this study, click here.

Lu, B.-R. and A. A. Snow (2005). "Gene Flow from Genetically Modified Rice and Its Environmental Consequences," BioScience vol. 55, pp. 669-78 (review article). To see our report on this study, click here.

Ma, B. L. and K. D. Subedi (2005). "Development, Yield, Grain Moisture, and Nitrogen Uptake of Bt Corn Hybrids and Their Conventional Near-Isolines," Field Crops Research vol. 93, pp. 199-211. To see our report on this study, click here.

Makarevitch, I., S. K. Svitashev, and D. A. Somers (2003). "Complete Sequence Analysis of Transgene Loci From Plants Transformed Via Microprojectile Bombardment," Plant Molecular Biology vol. 52, pp. 421-32. To see our report on this study, click here.

Malatesta, M., C. Caporaloni, S. Gavaudan, M.B.L. Rocchi et al. (2002). "Ultrastructural Morphometrical and Immunocytochemical Analyses of Hepatocyte Nuclei from Mice Fed on Genetically Modified Soybean," Cell Structure and Function vol. 27, pp. 173-80. To see our report on this study, click here.

Masci, S., R. D'Ovidio, F. Scossa, C. Patacchini et al. (2003). "Production and Characterization of a Transgenic Bread Wheat Line Over-Expressing a Low-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunit Gene," Molecular Breeding vol. 12, pp. 209-22. ). To see our report on this study, click here.

Misawa, N., K. Masamoto, T. Hori, T. Ohtani et al. (1994). "Expression of an Erwinia Phytoene Desaturase Gene not only Confers Multiple Resistance to Herbicides Interfering with Carotenoid Biosynthesis but also Alters Xanthophyll Metabolism in Transgenic Plants," The Plant Journal vol. 6, pp. 481-9. To see our report on this study, click here.

Müller, K., X. He, R. Fischer, and D. Prüfer (2006). "Constitutive knox1 Gene Expression in Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale, Web.) Changes Leaf Morphology from Simple to Compound," Planta vol. 224, pp. 1023-7. To see our report on this study, click here.

Nandula,V. K., K. N. Reddy, S. O. Duke, and D.H. Poston (2005). "Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds: Current Status and Future Outlook," Outlooks in Pest Management vol. 16, pp. 183-7. To see our report on this study, click here.

Olsen, K. M., J. C. Daly, H. E. Holt, and E. J. Finnegan (2005). "Season-Long Variation in Expression of Cry1Ac Gene and Efficacy of Bacillus thruingiensis Toxin in Transgenic Cotton Against Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)," Journal of Economic Entomology vol. 93, pp. 1007-17. To see our report on this study, click here.

Owen, M. D. K. and I. A. Zelaya (2005). "Herbicide-Resistant Crops and Weed Resistance to Herbicides," Pest Management Science vol. 61, pp. 301-11. To see our report on this study, click here.

Poerschmann, J., A. Gathmann, J. Augustin, U. Langer et al. (2005). "Molecular Composition of Leaves and Stems of Genetically Modified Bt and Near-Isogenic Non-Bt Maize--Characterization of Lignin Patterns," J. Environ. Quality vol. 34, pp. 1508-18. To see our report on this study, click here.

Prasifka, P. L., R. Hellmich, J. Prasifka, and L. Lewis (2007). "Effects of CrylAb-Expressing Corn Anthers on the Movement of Monarch Butterfly Larvae," Environmental Entomology vol. 36, pp. 228-33. To see our report on this study, click here.

Prescott, V., P. Campbell, A. Moore, J. Mattes, et al. (2005). "Transgene Expression of a Bean Alpha-Amylase Inhibitor in Peas Results in Altered Structure and Immunogenicity," J. Agric. Food Chem. vol. 53, pp. 9023-30. To see our report on this study, click here.

Presting, G. G., O. P. Smith, and C. R. Brown (1995). "Resistance to Potato Leafroll Virus Transformed with the Coat Protein Gene or With Vector Control Constructs," Phytopathology vol. 85, pp. 436-42. To see our report on this study, click here.

Ray, H., M. Yu, P. Auser, L. Blahut-Beatty et al. (2003). "Expression of Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanidins after Transformation of Alfalfa with Maize Lc," Plant Physiology vol. 132, pp. 1448-63. To see our report on this study, click here.

Reichman, J., L. Watrud, E. Lee, C. Burdick, et al. (2006). "Establishment of Transgenic Herbicide-Resistant Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) in Nonagronomic Habitats," Molecular Ecology vol. 15, pp. 4243-55. To see our report on this study, click here.

Roessner, U., A. Luedemann, D. Brust, O. Fiehn et al. (2001). "Metabolic Profiling Allows Comprehensive Phenotyping of Genetically or Environmentally Modified Plant Systems," The Plant Cell vol. 13, pp. 11-29. To see our report on this study, click here.

Rosi-Marshall, E. J., J. L. Tank, T. V. Royer, M. R. Whiles, et al. (2007). "Toxins in Transgenic Crop Byproducts May Affect Headwater Stream Ecosystems," PNAS vol. 104, pp. 16204-8. To see our report on this study, click here.

Sagstad, A., M. Sanden, O. Haugland, A.-C. Hansen et al. (2007). "Evaluation of Stress- and Immune-Response Biomarkers in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L., Fed Different Levels of Genetically Modified Maize (Bt Maize), Compared With its Near-Isogenic Parental Line and a Commercial Suprex Maize," Journal of Fish Diseases vol. 30, pp. 201-12. To see our report on this study, click here.

Saxena, D. and G. Stotzky (2001). "Bt Corn has a Higher Lignin Content than Non-Bt Corn," American Journal of Botany vol. 88: 1704-6. To see our report on this study, click here.

Schätzl, A. (2007). "Nicht Beabsichtigte Effekte von Gentechnischen Veränderungen bei Tomaten (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)." [Unintended Effects of Genetic Modifications of Tomatoes], Diploma Thesis, Fachhochschule Weihenstephan, Germany. To see our report on this study, click here.

Shewmaker, C., J. A. Sheehy, M. Daley, S. Colburn et al. (1999). "Seed-specific Overexpression of Phytoene Synthase: Increase in Carotenoids and Other Metabolic Effects," The Plant Journal vol. 20, pp. 401-12. To see our report on this study, click here.

Skøt, L., E. Timms, L. Mytton (1994). "The Effect of Toxin-Producing Rhizobium Strains on Larvae of Sitona flavescens Feeding on Legume Roots and Nodules," Plant Soil vol. 163, pp. 141-50. To see our report on this study, click here.

Snow, A. A., B. Andersen, and R. Bagger Jorgensen (1999). "Costs of Transgenic Herbicide Resistance Introgressed from Brassica napus into Weedy B. rapa," Molecular Ecology vol. 8, pp. 605-15. To see our report on this study, click here.

Snow A. A., D. Pilson, L. H. Rieseberg, M. J. Paulsen et al. (2003). "A Bt Transgene Reduces Herbivory and Enhances Fecundity in Wild Sunflowers," Ecological Applications vol. 13(2), pp. 279-86. To see our report on this study, click here.

Tretheway, R. N., P. Geigenbauer, K. Riedel, M.-R. Hajirezaei et al. (1998). "Combined Expression of Glucokinase and Invertase in Potato Tubers Leads to a Dramatic Reduction in Starch Accumulation and a Stimulation of Glycolysis," The Plant Journal vol. 15, pp. 109-118. To see our report on this study, click here.

Wang, T., L. Lu, C. Zhang, C. Taylor et al. (2003). "Pleiotropic Effects Suppressing Deoxyhypusine Synthase Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana," Plant Molecular Biology vol. 52, pp. 1223-35. To see our report on this study, click here.

Wang, T., C. Zhang, W. Wu, L. Nowack, et al. (2005). "Antisense Suppression of Deoxyhypusine Synthase in Tomato Delays Fruit Softening and Alters Growth and Development," Plant Physiology vol. 138, pp. 1372-82. To see our report on this study, click here.

Warwick, S. I., A. Legere, M.-J. Simard, and T. James (2007). "Do Escaped Transgenes Persist in Nature? The Case of an Herbicide Resistance Transgene in Weedy Brassica rapa population," Molecular Ecology doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03567.x To see our report on this study, click here.

Watrud, L., E. Lee, A. Fairbrother, C. Burdick, et al. (2004). “Evidence for Landscape-level, Pollen-mediated Gene Flow from Genetically Modified Creeping Bentgrass with CP4 EPSPS as a Marker,” PNAS vol. 101, pp. 14533-8. To see our report on this study, click here.

www.weedscience.org This website tracks and documents herbicide-resistant weed species.

Yabor, L., M. Arzola, C. Aragón, M. Hernández et al. (2006). "Biochemical Side Effects of Genetic Transformation of Pineapple," Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult vol 86, pp. 63-7. To see our report on this study, click here.

Zapiola, M., C. Campbell, M. Butler, and C. Mallory-Smith (2008). "Escape and Establishment of Transgenic Glyphosate-resistant Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) in Oregon, USA: A 4-year Study," Journal of Applied Ecology doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01430.x To see our report on this study, click here.

Zelaya, I. A., M. D. K. Owen and M. J. VanGessel (2007). "Transfer of Glyphosate Resistance: Evidence of Hybridization in Conyza (Asteraceae)," American Journal of Botany vol. 94, pp. 660-73. To see our report on this study, click here.

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